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Magnetic fields in electric and hybrid electric cars are generated by the electric currents flowing through the motors, batteries, and other electrical components. These fields are a natural byproduct of the electrical systems that power the vehicle and are typically measured in microTeslas (µT) or milli Gauss. 1 milli Gauss (mG) is equal to 0.1 microTesla (µT). These fields are alternating (AC) magnetic fields in frequencies of tens and hundreds of Herz, similar to the frequencies used in Power Grid electricity lines.

Both electric and hybrid cars produce magnetic fields, but the strength and characteristics of these fields can vary per car model and per specific car layout. Pure electric cars may have stronger magnetic fields due to the larger electric currents required to power the vehicle compared to hybrid cars, but hybrid vehicles may have electrical components closer to passengers due to lack of space resulting in higher fields in the passengers cabin.

The potential health effects of magnetic fields similar to those existent in electric and hybrid cars have been studied for decades, primarily with respect to fields radiated from electrical power grid.  While exact mechanisms of magnetic fields health impact are still being studied, many researches suggest risk of various diseases including childhood cancer. These conclusions are based on increased prevalence of diseases observed on patients who were exposed to abnormal levels of Magnetic fields. Recent reports from the Joint Research Centre (JRC) of the European Commission and the European Union have found that electric and hybrid vehicles can exceed even rather loose ICNIRP guidelines, as well as the World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations for chronic exposure under certain conditions.

Recent research, including, for example, a study published in Nature by Ku et al., has raised concerns about the potential risks of miscarriage due to exposure to magnetic fields. The study found that women exposed to higher levels of magnetic fields had a higher risk of miscarriage compared to those with lower exposure levels. These findings suggest a need for further investigation into the potential health impacts of magnetic fields, particularly for vulnerable populations such as pregnant women.

Due to these findings, the European Commission recommends taking precautionary measures to reduce exposure to magnetic fields, especially when such measures can be implemented at a reasonable cost.

The WHO also emphasizes the principle of precaution, particularly in situations where potential health risks are not fully understood and mitigation measures are feasible. Therefore, it is advisable to take reasonable steps to minimize exposure whenever possible.

The WHO classifies low-frequency magnetic fields as possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B), based on evidence of an increased risk of childhood leukemia. More research is still on-going on the topic of a link between EMF exposure from cars and cancer.

Yes, humans have always lived under the influence of Earth’s natural magnetic field. However, Earth’s magnetic filed is static (DC), while the magnetic fields generated by electric and hybrid cars is alternating (AC). DC fields do not induce currents in voltage in the human body, but AC fields do. Hence DC fields of the levels of Earth’s Magnetic field are not dangerous to health, but AC fields are.

Magnetic fields from electric and hybrid cars can be significantly higher than those encountered in everyday life. For example, research has shown that magnetic field levels in passenger seats of electric cars can exceed 20 microteslas (µT). This level of exposure is much higher than what people typically encounter in everyday environments, such as near household appliances or electronic devices, which usually emit fields in the range of fractions of microteslas or less. A typical level measured inside inhabitancy premises is usually on the less than 0.1 µT or 1 mG.

The World Health Organization (WHO) has classified exposure to magnetic fields above 0.4 µT as potentially carcinogenic, based on epidemiological studies that suggest a possible association between long-term exposure to low-frequency magnetic fields and an increased risk of certain types of cancer. The ICNIRP guidelines also recommend limiting exposure to low-frequency magnetic fields to reduce potential health risks.

Given that the magnetic field levels in electric and hybrid cars can exceed these recommended limits, it is advisable to take precautionary measures to minimize exposure, especially for those who spend extended periods in these vehicles.

The World Health Organization (WHO) and its specialized agency, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), have classified extremely low-frequency magnetic fields (ELF-MF) as possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B). This classification is based on a combination of epidemiological studies, experimental data, and mechanistic evidence.

1. Epidemiological Studies: Several epidemiological studies have suggested an association between long-term exposure to ELF-MF and an increased risk of childhood leukemia. For instance, pooled analyses of multiple studies indicated a consistent association between residential magnetic field levels above 0.4 µT and an increased risk of childhood leukemia.
2. Experimental Data: Laboratory studies have investigated the biological effects of ELF-MF on cellular processes. Some studies have reported effects on cellular functions, such as gene expression, cell proliferation, and DNA damage, although these findings have not always been consistent.
3. Mechanistic Evidence: The exact biological mechanism by which ELF-MF might cause cancer is not fully understood. However, some hypotheses suggest that ELF-MF could influence biological processes, such as the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can lead to DNA damage and potentially contribute to carcinogenesis.

The IARC’s classification of ELF-MF as possibly carcinogenic reflects the limited evidence of carcinogenicity in humans and insufficient evidence in experimental animals. This classification emphasizes the need for continued research to better understand the potential health effects of long-term exposure to ELF-MF.

As with all new technologies, it often takes a long time for knowledge and measures related to potential hazardous side effects to reach policymakers and the public. This was the case with asbestos and cigarettes. Awareness and regulatory actions tend to lag behind the introduction of new products, and the same pattern is happening with magnetic fields in electric and hybrid cars.

Although both types of electromagnetic fields (EMFs) belong to the category of “non-ionizing” radiation, there is a significant difference between them. Cellular radiation operates at frequencies in the gigahertz (GHz) range and primarily has thermal effects on the body, which are relatively easy to manage and are usually reversible. In contrast, the radiation in cars is mainly composed of magnetic fields at frequencies in the tens or hundreds of hertz (Hz). These lower frequencies can interfere with vital biological processes in the human body, such as the nervous system and cellular signaling for reproduction. These types of fields are known to cause “non-thermal” health effects, which can be much more serious than the thermal effects associated with cellular radiation.

Yes, there are benchmarks and grading systems for radiation health hazards in cars, implemented by various organizations and regulatory bodies. For example, China NCAP (New Car Assessment Program) has introduced specific standards to evaluate and grade the radiation health hazards in vehicles. These benchmarks help consumers make informed decisions about the safety of vehicles regarding electromagnetic radiation exposure.

China NCAP assesses the levels of electromagnetic fields (EMF) in cars and provides a grading system that categorizes vehicles based on their compliance with safety standards. This system aims to ensure that car manufacturers adhere to stringent guidelines to protect occupants from potential health risks associated with prolonged exposure to electromagnetic fields.

Manufacturers employ several techniques to minimize magnetic field exposure in electric and hybrid cars, however most of traditional methods imply significant compromises and cost burdens on vehicle design which results in an inadequate protection. Manufactureres who empoy modern and advanced methods, such as active cancelation by SafeFeilds^TM can help improve car occupants dramatically.

The tradition methods

1. Shielding: Using materials that block or reduce magnetic fields.
2. Optimized Cable Routing: Designing the layout of electrical cables to minimize field generation.
3. Grounding and Bonding: Ensuring that electrical systems are properly grounded to reduce stray fields.
4. Design Adjustments: Positioning electrical components in areas where occupants are less likely to be exposed to higher field strengths.

Novel, advanced methods

1. Active Cancellation: Manufacturers are also exploring and testing innovative methods of magnetic field suppression, such as active cancellation developed by SafeFields Technologies. This technology generates counteracting magnetic fields to effectively cancel out unwanted magnetic fields within the vehicle.

Unfortunately, as of today, car manufacturers are not yet legally required to adhere to specific standards for magnetic field emissions. However, there is a growing awareness among manufacturers and policymakers about the necessity of such standards. The European Union Joint Research Centre (JRC) report published in 2022 recommends establishing a clear regulatory framework to ensure that car manufacturers do not compromise on passenger protection to cut costs. Additionally, new standards have been developed that specify methods for measuring magnetic fields in vehicles. These standards facilitate comparison and benchmarking, promoting better safety practices in the industry.

The recently ratified European standards IEC 62764 and IEC 62226 provide comprehensive guidelines for measuring magnetic fields in electric and hybrid cars. These standards are designed to ensure consistency and accuracy in the assessment of electromagnetic field exposure within vehicles.

• IEC 62764: This standard specifically addresses the measurement of magnetic fields in electric and hybrid electric vehicles. It outlines the procedures for evaluating the magnetic field levels inside the vehicle, particularly in areas where occupants are likely to be exposed. The standard aims to provide a reliable method for assessing compliance with safety guidelines and for identifying areas where improvements can be made to reduce exposure.
• IEC 62226: This standard provides methods for calculating and measuring electric and magnetic fields in human exposure environments. It is applicable to various scenarios, including those involving vehicles, and focuses on ensuring that exposure levels are accurately assessed and managed according to health and safety guidelines.

These standards are part of a broader effort to ensure that the magnetic field exposure in electric and hybrid vehicles is accurately measured and kept within safe limits. They help manufacturers design and test their vehicles to comply with established safety guidelines, ultimately protecting the health and safety of vehicle occupants.

There is a substantial body of scientific literature examining the health impacts of low-frequency magnetic fields (ELF-MFs). Here are few of the papers and reports which provide a broad overview of the current understanding of the health impacts of low-frequency magnetic fields. They highlight areas where there is evidence of potential health risks, such as childhood leukemia and miscarriage, and underscore the need for further research to clarify these associations and inform public health guidelines.

1. Ahlbom, A., et al. (2000). “A pooled analysis of magnetic fields and childhood leukaemia.” British Journal of Cancer, 83(5), 692-698.
   • Summary: This pooled analysis of epidemiological studies found a consistent association between residential exposure to ELF-MF above 0.4 µT and an increased risk of childhood leukemia.
2. Kheifets, L., et al. (2009). “Pooled analysis of recent studies on magnetic fields and childhood leukaemia.” British Journal of Cancer, 99(9), 161-165.
   • Summary: This paper updates previous pooled analyses and confirms the association between high ELF-MF exposure and an increased risk of childhood leukemia.
3. Greenland, S., et al. (2000). “A pooled analysis of magnetic fields, wire codes, and childhood leukemia.” Epidemiology, 11(6), 624-634.
   • Summary: This analysis combined data from multiple studies and found an elevated risk of childhood leukemia associated with higher residential magnetic field exposure.
4. Li, D.-K., et al. (2002). “A population-based prospective cohort study of personal exposure to magnetic fields during pregnancy and the risk of miscarriage.” Epidemiology, 13(1), 9-20.
   • Summary: This study found a significant association between higher magnetic field exposure during pregnancy and an increased risk of miscarriage.
5. Kheifets, L., et al. (2010). “Comparative analyses of studies of childhood leukemia and magnetic fields, radon and gamma radiation.” Journal of Radiological Protection, 30(2), 187-213.
   • Summary: This paper compares the evidence for ELF-MF exposure to other environmental factors like radon and gamma radiation, emphasizing the need for further research on ELF-MF and childhood leukemia.
6. World Health Organization (WHO). “Extremely Low Frequency Fields Environmental Health Criteria Monograph No. 238.” Geneva: WHO, 2007.
   • Summary: This comprehensive report reviews the evidence on health effects of ELF-MF, highlighting the association with childhood leukemia and recommending precautionary measures.
7. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). “Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans Volume 80: Non-Ionizing Radiation, Part 1: Static and Extremely Low-Frequency (ELF) Electric and Magnetic Fields.” Lyon: IARC, 2002.
   • Summary: This monograph classifies ELF-MF as possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B), based on limited evidence of carcinogenicity in humans and inadequate evidence in experimental animals.
8. Huss, A., et al. (2009). “Residence near power lines and mortality from neurodegenerative diseases: longitudinal study of the Swiss population.” American Journal of Epidemiology, 169(2), 167-175.
   • Summary: This study investigates the association between residential proximity to power lines (a source of ELF-MF) and mortality from neurodegenerative diseases, finding some evidence of increased risk.
9. Ahlbom, A., & Feychting, M. (2003). “Electromagnetic fields and health effects.” Epidemiology, 14(4), 513-514.
   • Summary: This editorial discusses the state of evidence regarding ELF-MF and health effects, emphasizing the need for ongoing research and precautionary measures.
10. Röösli, M., et al. (2007). “Magnetic fields of electrical appliances and personal cancer risk.” Bioelectromagnetics, 28(5), 386-390.
    • Summary: This study examines the association between ELF-MF exposure from household appliances and personal cancer risk, finding mixed results that warrant further investigation.

Yes, it is true that electromagnetic fields (EMFs) generated by the electrical systems in cars, particularly electric and hybrid vehicles, can potentially interfere with the function of heart pacemakers and other implantable medical devices. While modern pacemakers are generally designed to be resistant to EMI, strong EMFs in electric and hybrid vehicles can potentially interfere with their function if high levels of fields are not mitigated.

No. ICNIRP addresses “acute” (short term exposure) effects only. While most of the medical research conclusions around health impacts, including cancer, are due to “chronic” (lower level, longer time) exposure effects. WHO “precautionary” principle limits are much more relevant for health protection.

Yes, some tires with metallic elements can become magnetized by the Earth’s magnetic field, creating alternating magnetic fields when the wheels rotate. However, this field is usually confined to the vicinity of the tire area and is typically quite weak. This issue can be addressed by either replacing the tires with non-magnetic types or performing a “demagnetization” (degaussing) procedure, which is a simple and effective method to remove the magnetic properties.

No. SafeFields^tm active cancelation only responds to EMF radiated by the car  and does not create or increase levels elsewhere.